Why fire flies produce flash of light?

The nitric oxide gas plays a critical role in firefly light flashing. Probably, when the firefly light is off, no nitric oxide is being produced so vessels providing oxygen are blocked. Nitric oxide is widely used in Viagra as it expands the blood vessels and increases the blood supply to the sex organ. Similarly it is used in heart attack as it widens the blood vessels and unblocks the constriction created by clot. Pomegranate is considered vital fruit for the patients and there is famous maxim in Urduaik annar, so bemar (There is one pomegranate and the patients are hundred meaning the demand is too high and remedy is scarce.)

The more proper reason of the flash of light of fire flies is: When the firefly light is off, no nitric oxide is being produced. In this condition, oxygen entering the light organ is seized by the cell's energy-producing organelles “mitochondria” and thus oxygen is not available to light producing cells. In the presence of nitric oxide, which binds to the mitochondria, thus allows oxygen to flow into the light producing cells where it combines with the other chemicals needed to produce the bioluminescent reaction. Nitric oxide breaks down quickly and till the new nitric oxide is produced, the oxygen molecules are again trapped by the mitochondria and are not available for the production of light. This supply and stoppage of nitric oxide is responsible for the flashing of fire flies light.

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Why fire flies emits light?

Fireflies appear to light up for a variety of reasons.

First, the larvae of fire fly produce short glows. The adult Fireflies produce defensive steroids in their bodies that make them unpalatable to predators. So, the Larvae use their glows as warning displays to communicate their distastefulness.
Second, many fireflies have flash patterns unique to their species and use them to identify other members of their species.

Third, flash patter is used to discriminate between members of the opposite sex. Female fireflies prefer and love males having higher flash rates and high intensity of flash light.

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World Record Holder Amazing Facts of Chemistry!

World Record Holder Amazing Facts of Chemistry!

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

        World science is leaping ahead with kangaroo’s stride; each coming day brings new amazing and astonishing discoveries and inventions. Here are a few new things of worth knowing.

Ø World’s most Finely divided powder:

Monoatomic powder of solid helium is the world’s smallest grain powder.

Ø World’s most powerful Magnet:

World’s most powerful magnet is made of Neodymium Iron Boride.

Ø World’s highest recorded temperature:

World’s highest temperature was recorded in the centre of thermonuclear fusion in USA. It raised up to 40,000,0000  ^oC.

Ø World’s lowest recorded temperature:

World’s lowest temperature was attained by nuclear demagnetization device in USA. It was extremely cold with temperature of 28×10^-11 Kelvin.

Ø World’s highest pressure:

World highest pressure was created up to 7000000000000 Pascal (7000 giga) in USA.

Ø World’s hottest flame!

 Oxy-acetylene flame has temperature of 3000⁰C;

Oxy-hydrogen flame has temperature of 4000⁰C

Whereas, the world’s hottest flame was obtained by burning carbon sub nitride ( C₄N₂  )having temperature of 5000⁰C.

Ø World’s Quickest diamond formed!

  World’s quickest diamond was prepared by heating coal at temperature of 2000⁰C in presence of nickel catalyst at pressure of 100000 atmospheres.

Ø World’s most odorous compound!

  Ethyl mercaptan (C₂H₅SH)  and

 Butyl seleno mercaptan (C₄H₉SeH)--- are the world’s most odorous compounds.

Ø World’s strongest acid!

 HF.SbF₅ Fluoro antimonic acid is the world’s strongest acid. It is 1000000000000000000 (10¹⁸) times stronger than sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄).

Ø Most poisonous compound!

 TCDD ( Tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin) is the world’s most poisonous compound.

It is 1, 50,000 times more poisonous than cyanide.

Ø World’s bitterest Thing!

    Denatonium benzoate is the word’s bitterest compound. If one tastes it, its bitterest will last till the end of one’s life.

Ø World’s sweetest Thing!

  Saccharine is 550 times sweeter than sugar; Talin is 600 times sweeter than sugar. But neotame is the world’s sweetest thing; it is 8000 times sweeter than sugar.

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ASTONISHING DISCOVERY ABOUT WATER!

Water is the life line of all living organisms animals and plants in multifarious way. There are two major categories of water; freshwater which is drinkable (of canals,
rivers, lakes, underground water,etc) and non-drinkable, saline oceanic water.It is astonishing that the amount of drinkable and non drinkable water is equal.What an equilibrium in nature!rivers, lakes, underground water,etc) and non-drinkable, saline oceanic water.It is astonishing that the amount of drinkable and non drinkable water is equal.What an equilibrium in nature!

Calculating the mass of these two waters:

Freshwater came to the tune of 3.86 x 1021 kg ( by rounding off it becomes 1.4x1021Kg); while ocean water mass is 1.4x1021Kg.

Is it not amazing? God had created both water bodies equal. I went through hectic calculation after reading the verse of The holy Quran Fatar 12, in Dr Ghulam Jilani Barq's book Do Quran page 152, saying "The two oceans of earth are equal, one is sweat and quenches thirst and is easy to drink and the other is salty and bitter......"Here I got the idea that both drinkable freshwater and non drinkable oceanic are equal in amount and started calculations.
This is the magnanimity of the Holy Books which guided mankind 1500 years back about this astonishing facts.Be proud of your Holy Book !

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Democracy Yes But No Democratic Culture In PAKISTAN

Democracy is the most popular form of a government now-a-days 'power of the people'. The word democracy is of Greek origin with literal meaning 'power of the people'. The essence of democracy is the constitutional eight of the people of a country to manage the affairs of government themselves. Democracy of any kind is new to the sub-continent. When Pakistan gained independence, it had not passed through those gradual of political evolution, of trial and error and reappraisal after which the west had developed the political system which sited to its needs and genius of its people. Consequently, when the raw concept of British brand of democracy was imported into the country, it could not take root in this land.
Democratic process is languishing in our country. Most of the people are illiterate and are unable to choose competent and deserving candidates. Most of the members of legislature belongs to the feudal class and are generally uneducated and work for their own class interests.
Democratic process is halted many times by the military involvement. According to democratic process the military should have no political role 'Au contrary', in our country military plays a dominating role in the country politics. Either military hods the reign of power or it dictates its own terms and condition while staying behind the scene.
We are living in the age of information. Ironically, we have no real concept of free flow of informational. Th print and electronic media are directly under government control. Th have to take advertisements and other benefits from the government. Consequently, they float only those information which are in accordance with the government wishes.
The economic condition of the country deteriorate alarmingly. The peasants and workers are living below poverty line as the feudal and industrialists grab their share. They are living from hand to mouth, as a result, they have no interest int he national and global issues. Their main concern is how to earn three time bread. So, in elections the votes can easily be purchased.
The political parties have further worsened the democratic process. They have no well defined political program. selfless, public spirited leaders are rare commodity. The power-hungry political agitations are fanning the flames of provincialism, parochialism, tribalism and sectarianism.
If one looks through the fifty-two years history of Pakistan, one finds that Pakistan has struggled to establish a true Democratic system which could guarantee its survival, security and development. Democracy emerges and functions at its best in a society with an egalitarian power structure in which some elements\ments are committed to democracy. Unfortunately there is concentrated in two institutions; the civil and military bureaucracy and the feudal lords. They have no commitment to establish democracy as it Will hurt their interests. The few independent professions like doctors, engineers, lawyers, Journalists and writers have material swell as ideological interest to establish democracy. But they lack power.
Since the very inception Pakistan, those who have power lacked commitment to democracy. Those who were potential beneficiaries of democracy lacked the power.
Democracy has a very long history. One can trace its first glimpse when the devil (the Lucifer) refused to prostate before Adam and became the first to use his personal judgment, though in as inappropriate manner, declaring later on, "its better to rule hell, than serve in heaven". The Greeks laid down the basic postulates of democratic system. Rousseau, the Father of democratic system, granted franchise to the middle class and excluded all property less Person and women from the political power. Gradually, this intuition was developed in the west and became popular to an extent that a very large number of counties adopted this from of government.
After the world war 2, many countries of Asia and Africa got rid of colonial rule and became independent. Most of them adopted this form of government. But democracy failed in many of the countries like Burma, Indonesia, Nigeria, etc. for the reason that they had no competent leaders and discipline.
Democratic process can flourish Pakistan if some solid steps are taken. Feudalism is a greatest hurdle in the wake of democracy. India did away with Princedom and Rajwaras right from its birth. We held on with the system and didn't seek guidance from the history. Cannon and mystery battered the castle of feudalism. Democracy gained ground when the feudalism was abolished. Our feudal Lords drive the village folks like a herd of cattle. If we are serious to grow democratic institution, we have to get rid of the feudal system.
We have a class based society. Each class must be given due to representation according to its number. But industrialist Nawaz Sharif and the feudal lord Benazir Will not consider it as it will hurt their class interests.
Discipline is the around which the wheel of democracy revolves. Interests, discipline, democracy takes the form of moberacy and Plato's criticism seems true: "Democracy is the divine right of ignorant people to rule ignorantly". Japan and Germany are the most disciplined nations of the world. Both annihilated during the World War 2. But they rose from ashes and now their currency i stable; economy is sound; society is strong. It is all due to fact that they are disciplined.
In a nutshell, democracy must first enter the heart and mind of the people, then it can enter the precincts of the parliament house. It must be cultivated as an attitude, formed as an habit and acquired as a way of life. If it is not to be 'off the people, buy the people, far the people' against Lincoln's famous saying.

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The Child is The Father of The Man

A child symbolizes the creature of the modern time who is well acquainted with hard realities and conditions of the modern age from which a man, an indicial of old time, seeks guidance and inspiration. The world is changing day by day with the introduction of new inventions, innovative political systems, sophisticated technologies, miraculous scientific, activities, block-based economies, altered geo-political priorities, evolution of culture and religious dynamism. Such newness is a cradle for a nascent child who readily acclimatizes himself and absorbs all the ingredients of the new orders in his infant views. Once the other hand, the aged fellows experience great difficulties to adapt themselves with this novo society. It is very difficult to mould them as one cannot teach old dog new tricks. The man knows that he cannot turn the tides of the world wide change to his course. Resultantly, he seeks guidance from the child who expiates the importance of the new age by comparing and contrasting with the yesteryears. For instance, the celluloid world is teeming with artistes having new styles. Most of the countries are ruled by the juvenile leader’s present time de novo political and economic system.
Literature is substantially contributed by the galaxy of young writers and poets having both the content and craft of the progressive age. The sports arena is filled with new events and player’s exhibit extra-ordinary skill and shrewd techniques. The man often feels himself lovely and isolated in this changed scenario. But it is never late to learn and the man has. Hobson’s choice and must show some phenomenal changes in his life style. So the compelled man shows flexibility in his thoughts and deeds and gets the lesson and inspiration from the child who is now shaped in the figure of ‘the father’. It is the only way for the man to cope with the present circumstances and gets rid of the agony of loveliness: no doubts necessity does the work of courage. In sum, the child precedes and the man proceeds behind him. It is crystal clear that the child is the father of the man.

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Polythene Bags

Polythene bags Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) in a meeting held on September 12 decided to impose ban on the production. sale and use of polythene bags. The use of polythene bags has already been prohibited in Karachi. Common people may not agree with imposition of ban considering the util-ity of polythene. Some of its minus points are given below. Polythene bag is composed of polyethylene which is a synthetic polymer. Ethylene, derived from petroleum. is made to react with itself under prescribed condi-tions to form polyethylene or polythene). Its composition contains a poisonous chemical which penetrates into material contained in the bag. thus making it toxic. Secondly. majority of the people use them lavishly and dispose them off blindly. It often blocks sanitary systems. Resultantly. drain water overflows on the roads which not only causes transport problems but also creates a smell. Thirdly. these bags also reduce fertility of soil as they form a thin non-permeable membrane between the adjacent layers of soil. So diffusion (i.e. the movement of materials from higher concentration to lower concentration) to maintain the uni-formity of sod is checked. Thus soil be-comes infertile. Most of the raw material in its manufac-turing is imported which is an additional burden on our economy. There is no proper method to get rid of them. Neither they can be crushed nor decomposed by microbial action. Furthermore. its burning pollutes the atmosphere with carbon dioxide (CO_) and residual material. There is no proper method of its rev:. cling . USA alone produces about 12 billion pounds of polythene annually. They have dev eloped a technoioa for its recycling. It is an appropriate step of the government to ban manufacturing. sale and use of poly-thene bag as the damage from its use has exceeded its rewards. Its ben will not create any substantial problem. Polythene bag can be replaced ivith bags of other materials like cloth. paper, esc. They are niudi cheaper and easily disposable.

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Neelam Ghar an Old Show of PTV

Neelam Ghar is the oldest PTV show pivoting around Tariq Aziz's competing art and dynamic personality. It entertains the masses by presenting interviews of important personalities, music and songs, exhibition of skill, funny contests among audience, comical events, quiz and distribution of prizes. With the passage of time it has lost its previous status due to uniformity antiquated events and lack of innovation. But still a vast majority of people watches this program for the sake of attaining knowledge. Alas! it is a matter of great distress that Neelam Ghar is now losing its last saving grace: education. Here are quoted some mistakes picked from the last couple of programmers. A few months ago, during a program Tariq Aziz annexed 'Rehmat Ullah Al-lath' instead of 'Razi Allah-o-Unho' to the name of a Companion of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). In the 19th February show, Tariq Aziz mispronounced the name of American scientist F.B. Samuel Morse, inventor of the Morse Code, as "Marris". In 26th February 1993 program Mr. Nawaz Shard was stated to be the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan. He is in fact the 14th PM of Pakistan; list is stated below: Khan Liaquat All Khan. Khawaja Nazimuddin. Moham-mad All Bogra, Chaudhry Mo-hammad Ali. Hussain Shaheed Snhrawardi, Ibrahim Ismail (I It Chundrigai T Malik Feroz Khan Noon, General Mohammad Ayub Khan. Noorul Amin (nominated), Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Mohammad Khan Junejo, Ms. Benazir Bhutto. Ghulam Mustafa Jatot (caretaker), and Mian Muhammad Nawaz Shatir. Furthermore, one thing is very astonishing as there is no item of auction (neelam) in this show why it is called 'Neelam Ghar? This program needs more attention, dedication and innovation to keep the interest of the viewers alive.

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Importance of First Aid

A few days ago my mother was admitted in a hospital for catarating in the eye-ward beside my meal. Suddenly a tiny morsel of loaf got stuck in her respiratory tract. She was choking when I thought of giving her first aid. Consequently the particle got out and her  breathing became normal.

   It is heard quite often that everyone should be familiar with first aid measures. That day I realized its importance.

What is first aid?

When someone is taken ill suddenly, there is usually some gap before the arrival of a doctor, during which it becomes essential to do something to save life-to prevent a condition from getting worse-perhaps even to prevent unwise meddling What is done at that time is called first aid This term, therefore refers to the immediate, temporary care given by a layman in case of sudden malady.

It anything obstructs the bronchi, at once lower down victims’s face and gently tap with both palms on his upper part of waist just  below the next. It is a simple device that it’s results are par excellence.

The holy Prophet (PBUH) said,” Make sure that you have placed a glass of water before starting a meal. “This is to prevent suffocation or choking.

Nowadays, Neelam Ghar holds a competition between wo couples in which they have to eat a “luddu” a yellow sweetmeat rolled into balls—hurriedly then count numbers in one breath. This is dangerous, when a person counts he is exhaling air,as he stops, he breathes furiously. At hood that the sweetmeat granules may enter the bronchi, thus leading to a fatality.

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Ozone depletion and its consequences

Science has progressed astonishingly in the recent years. It has completely mechanized this world and is stepping to hold nature under its thumb, but all these blessings seem to be a Pandora's• box; the sidelined complications of various inventions are far more threatening than their rewards. It is rightly said: In nature there are neither rewards nor punishments, there are only consequences. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has recently stated that ozone layer is corroding much quicker than is estimated by the world scientists. Here are some facts about the ozone layer and its depletion. These will help in starting the campaign against forthcoming An oxygen molecule comprises of two atoms while ozone has three atoms. Oxygen and ozone are allotropic forms, abbreviated as 02 and 03 respectively. Oxygen is a colorless and odorless gas. Ozone is a blue-colored, pungent-smelling gas. The action of electric charge converts oxygen to ozone but the former is more stable. The shape of both molecules is pictured below:-Oxygen (02) ozone (03 ) Nature has provided a thick layer of ozone in upper atmosphere enclosing the earth. It blocks the dangerous ultra-violet (UV) radiation from reaching the earth and acts as a protective shield for the biosphere. Ozone belt is preset in atmosphere between 10-30 miles from the earth. Ultra-violet radiation causes diseases of eyes (e.g. cataract), skin cancer, premature signs of old age and weakens our defense mechanism against diseases. These rays also affect plants, kill the plankton and reduce the yield of crops. The low production of crops in Australia and the Argentina is attributed to be the effect of UV rays. These countries also have a high ratio of cancer patients. It is estimated that 10% reduction of ozone caused 20,000 skin cancer only in the USA. The cause of depletion of ozone is due to presence of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in the atmosphere. Chlorine atom, which is the part of CFC, disintegrates ozone molecules. How do they reach the ozone layer? The answer is: CFCs manage their way to the upper part of ozone layer as they remain unreactive on the earth and lower part of ozone layer. In the upper part of the belt, UV rays interact with CFCs and liberate chlorine which reacts chemically with ozone to form oxygen and chlorine-monoxide: CFC +03 U.V. rays, CLO + F.0 This chlorine-monoxide react chemically and release chlorine again. In this way just one chlorine atom destroys one lakh ozone molecules. It is evident that ozone layer can be protected if chlorine is stopped from reaching it. 'Chlorine maneuvers to get as far in the flying saucer of CFCs. We can also say that CFC stands for Chlorine's Flying Car. So the use of CFC must be restricted or abolished; there is only Hobson's choice. By 1975, the chlorine concentration was 1.4 parts per billion, now it is just under 3 enough to create holes in the ozone layer. The first hole was discovered above the South Pole arid was called the Antarctic Hole, with a size equal to that of USA. The second hole is above the Antarctic Ocean. Chlorofluorocarbons are used in a billion refrigerators and car air-conditioners of the world. They are widely used in manufacture of plastic, foam, pesticide, perfumes etc. If countries are grouped according to the use of CFC the first would contain the USA, former USSR, Japan, European countries etc. The second group comprises Canada, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Pakistan, China etc. The list of third group is quite long. The production of CFCs by the USA and European countries is 7,50,000 tones. Former USSR alone has a figure of 60,000 tones. This shows which countries are responsible for hanging the sword of Damocles over the entire world. The world is striving to save the ozone belt. The advanced countries are planning to manufacture refrigerators and air-conditioners without CFC. The refrigerators already in use will be destroyed after capturing CFC. In this way, CFC will not be able to reach the atmosphere. The US government has enforced a law saying that refrigerators which have ceased to function normally will not he allowed to be disposed of without taking possession of CFC first. Scientific analysis reveals that the CFCs already present near the ozone will remain active for a hundred years. It means if we abolish the use of CFC, the escaped CFC will continue to eat up ozone for the next hundred years. The question arises whether nature has any arrangement for the production of ozone to compensate this loss. The answer is, yes. Ozone is produced on the earth by the interaction of sunlight and hydrocarbons. But it has a weak chemical bond and it suddenly transforms info stable oxygen. Even if it doesn't convert into oxygen, it is very difficult for ozone molecules to reach the layer. In the stratosphere, UV light interacts to produce ozone but in a quantity far less than is being destroyed. It is imperative to mention that chlorine used .to clean water is not dangerous for- ozone as it cannot reach the upper atmosphere. These chlorine's and chlorides react with water and other elements to form different compounds and remain on the earth. There are some precautionary measures which must be adopted to minimize the effect of UV rays. * During noon time, exposure to sun-rays must be avoided. * Ears must be covered by a cap or cloth to protect for direct sunlight. * During peak hours of day sunglasses must be used. The abolition of use of CFC, adoption of precautionary steps, patience and perseverance are required to retrieve the lost position and a lesson to learn. In nature there are neither rewards nor punishments, there are only consequences.

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Ghee; A Toxic Edible By Al-Waqar

The statistical data regarding the number of deaths by various diseases reveals that CHD (Coronary Heart Disease) is number one killer in the world today. Now the question arises what is the cause of CHD? Are the scientists totally helpless in countering this malady? Answer to such questions needs to he written as there are many factors responsible for CHD Let us focus on one of the biggest causes of C.H.D i.e. Banaspati Ghee. First we discuss the health hazard created by the impurities of ghee. Hydrogenated vegetable oils are now customarily used in our country in a variety of foods. Fats and oil are usually classed as one of the basic food material along with protein and carbohydrate. Whether of animal, vegetable or marine origin fat and oil represent the richest source of energy man consumes as food. Hydrogenation is simply "hardening" of oil This process is accomplished by treating unsaturated fatty acid (oils) with hydro-gen in presence of catalyst to convert it into saturated fatty acid. The catalyst used is a critical element for hydrogenation process. Nickel (Ni) is the usual catalyst employed almost exclusively for the hydrogenation of vegetable oil. A catalyst is normally used several times although its percentage is increased slightly for each re-use to compensate for decrease in its activity. Recovery of the catalyst from hydrogenated oil is very Essential because even its minute concentration in the final product leads not only to un-economic operation but also creates health hazards'. Recent advances in food toxicology have proved that nickel is severely toxic both for man and animal. The ill effects of excessive nickel intake are now well established. The major sicknesses associated with excessive nickel intake may include cardiovascular disease, nervous disorder, jaundice, miscarriage, respiratory tract neoplasia, carcinogenic effects etc.
The common complaint against the vanaspati ghee industry is that nickel catalyst employed for hydrogenation in the form of nickel format is not fully recovered. This unrecovered nickel remaining in the final product badly effects the health of consumers. The world Health Organization (WHO) recommended 2.U.G. of nickel per 10.gm of ghee as a safe upper limn for human consumption: The scientists planned a research pro-sleet to investigate the effect of various factors on the recovery of nickel catalyst from vegetable ghee. Different factors (Including the catalyst, the filter cloth and type and quality of oil) were studied comparatively in order to determine their effect on the recovery of nickel catalyst from hydrogenated oil. Studies prove that the quality of nickel catalyst.. and filter cloth as well as quality and type of oil all play a major role during hydrogenation and the final filtration process. The scrap nickel used with the fresh nickel catalyst in varying ratios during hydrogenation result in excessive nickel in the final product (due to in-creased fatigue of catalyst) and thus further reduce the particle size. Phosphatides and certain other compounds present in vegetable oil also effect nickel recovery. Similarly quality of filter cloth can badly effect • nickel level in find product. The interesting thing to note is that in the recent past there has been a mushroom growth of vanaspati ghee industry. The owner of these units earned mil-lions of rupees by using low quality imported palmstearine, which is unfit for human consumption, for manufacturing of vanaspati ghee after mixing it vith soya-bean and cottonseed oil. Efforts should be made at government level to keep prices of re-fined vegetable oil under strict control and much lower than those of vanaspati ghee so people start using these refined edible oils as cooking medium. Refined

sunflower, soyabean and corn oil available in Pakistan are best for human consumption. It is strongly recommended for establishment of a quality and price control department to monitor the quality and price of food. It is not possible to create a new department, the work of monitoring may be 'entrusted to any present department which has a network at district level and linked with industrial units. Now we come to the other point the poisonous deposit of ghee in the body. The use of vegetable ghee increase cholesterol level in the blood. Cholesterol are organic compounds, containing sterol ring. Our liver also produces cholesterol. It is a rich source of energy. It forms coating on the outer part of body above the hones and beneath the skin and acts a buffer and safeguard our body against mechanical shock. It acts as a precursor of other steroid required in metabolism: notably the bile acids, sex har-mones and adrenocortical hor-mones. It causes heart attack and in some time sudden death. In the past, man used to work from dawn to dusk. Means of transportation were not available. He has to do lot of manual work. Now everything is replaced by machinery the work of hours is completed within minutes with less labour. Man is facilitated to greater extent. Ad contrary he has not reduced his diet. The excessive diet deposits in the body and causes trouble. Man becomes fat and obesity is directly proportional to C.H.D. Fat deposits interfere in natural working of body. They block the vessels and cause many diseases. From the above discussion it is inferred that fat deposits are fatal for human life. On the other hand we are taking a bulk of fat in the shape of vanaspati ghee. It is time to check our diet and replace ghee with cooking oil (Refined) which is free from fat and nickel impurity.

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Tobacco Sponsorship and Cricket

Last year, an Australian cricketer was shown in a photograph crushing a packet of- cigarettes. This picture was published in a pamphlet circulated with reference to an anti-smoking Campaign. The minister of sports hailed the idea and announced that his ministry intended to abolish tobacco sponsorship from all the sports within the next couple of years. On the contrary, Australian Board followed the opposite path and fined the player. Here some cricketers followed suit and criticized tobacco sponsorship. For an instance, Imran Khan advocated banning tobacco sponsorship in cricket as it is harmful to health and a major cause of cancer and he is building a cancer hospital. He was ac-knowledge by Justice. Dr. Naseem Hasan Shah, president BCCP. On the other hand Shah.

Rafi, secretary BCCP, disclosed in an interview that a notice will be issued to players who have violated the discipline by criticizing °facial sponsors of Pakistan cricket. The president and secretary of the board issued contradict: tary statements which are not understandable. No doubt, tobacco is very dangerous containing many pathogens; nicotine, volatile and, phenolic bodies tar and nickel. Its smoke increases blood pressure reduces fertility in women and causes cancer. Its glamorized advertisements are very persuasive, especially for the young ones. So it seems justifiable to ban tobacco sponsorship. For a moment, let's assume that tobacco sponsorship is, abolished in cricket. Then what will be the fate of the tournaments and World Series sponsored by tobacco companies. If we sacrifice these events will

we be able to achieve the requisite objectives or not? Surely not, as tobacco companies will start' sponsoring other sports, its advertising jingles will keep on echoing in cinema, TV and radio as usual. The imposition of ban of tobacco sponsorship only on cricket will be a futile exercise. It will only deprive our cricket most prestigious tournaments. The real objectives can only be achieved by eradicating tobacco sponsorship from all the sports and prohibiting its advertisement from display.

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ID card & blood donation

The government has recently approved the inclusion of religious column in National Identity Card. This step has been taken due to sustained pressure of maulvis. It has created chaos among non-Muslims of the country who arc already discriminated against in this estate. Islam protects the rights of non-Muslims, the charter of UNO suggests equal rights for all human beings and sayings of Quaid advise to refrain from unjust distinction on grounds of sect, race, language and religion. everyday there are road accidents, buildings collapse, bomb explosion and other mishaps; all lead to bleeding injuries. When such victims are taken to hospital, the doctors cannot give them blood to rescue their lives as no one know their blood group. Resultantly, treatment is delayed and precious time is wasted in finding out the blood group. ;this problem can be solved if a column of blood group is added in N.I.C. But this step will please God, not the maulvis. 

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Age Limit For CSS

Recently the government has revived age limit for CSS examination. According to a press clipping, the upper age limit is reduced from 30 to 28 years and 5 years relaxation for government servant is also reduced to 3 years.
  The candidates in government service, who planned to take examination at the age between 31 to 33 years, will not get even a single chance to compete in this coveted examination.
  The government should suspend implementation on this decision for the next three years to avert any in justice.
WAQAR HUSSAIN,
Lahore.

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International Literacy Day- The Frontier Post [Archive] By Waqar Hussain

We have recently celebrated the International Literacy Day with renewed pledge. The day is observed to high-light the gravity of education for social-economic progress of mankind. Literacy open new vistas to modern knowledge and enlightenment. Pakistan has literacy rate of 31 percent which is lowest among the developing countries i.e. compared to 87 percent in SriLanka, 86 percent in  Thailand, 84 percent in Philippines, 86 percent in Yugoslavia, 79 percent in Malaysia, 64 percent in Indonesia, 70 percent in Chine and 40 percent in India.

Pakistan is spending about 3.6 percent of its GNP on education. However, it is low compared to 4 percent recommended by UNESCO for developing countries. Pakistan being a poor country, if one ignores the fact like Motorway project from Lahore to Islamabad, bullet rain from Lahore to Karachi, one billion German aircraft for his highness, legion federal cabinet etc, cannot spend as much as directed by UNESCO.

"Bulletine of world knowledge" has provided some statistic about education . Pakistan has 13 percent competent teachers as compared to 37 percent in Britain, 51 percent in the USA, 43 percent in former USSR, 60 percent in Germany, 63 percent in japan, 35 percent in France and 80 percent in Switzerland it is shocking news fro the whole country. 

Al the above mentioned statistics are depicting the standard of education in Pakistan. There are many factors responsible for this fate. Pedagogue's status in society and their low financial earning, unemployment, corruption, saffarish, bootimafia, kalashnikove's domination, student's politics, unjustifiable syllabus, poverty, high population growth rate; all contribute for low education standard in Pakistan.

iItis the time to ruminate and adopt revolutionary steps to eradicate some of the evils if not all. Mere celebration of International Literacy Day is not enough .

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